To match international trade and domestic production data at a more disaggregated level than has previously been available. This set of concordances then allows researchers We combine the two mappings to directly link HS codes to product classes. In each year of an economic census, Census constructs two mappings linking HS codes to basecodes and linking basecodes to SIC5 or NAICS7 product classes, respectively. These concordances are constructed using bridge codes known as "basecodes," which are created byĬensus. Second, we provide a set of concordances linking ten-digit import and export HS codes to one or more five-digit SIC (SIC5) or seven-digit NAICS (NAICS7) product classes. As a result, applied economists will be able to create-for the first time-linked datasets of trade and domestic production in both SIC and NAICS over a long time series-1989-2009 for NAICS and 1989-2006 for Industries after 2001, and to match HS codes with NAICS industries before 2000. Our contribution here is to extend these mappings to match HS codes with SIC Census Bureau ("Census") data, which provide a mapping of HS to SIC and NAICS industries from 1989 to 20 to 2009, respectively. These concordances are assembled from published U.S. First, we provide an algorithm that generates concordances linking the ten-digit HS codes used by the United States to track international trade with the four-digit SIC and six-digit NAICS industry codes used to characterize domesticĮconomic activity. This paper improves on currently available data in two ways.
CODE HS 2.7.9 SERIES
Second, the switch from SIC to NAICS beginning with the 1997 economic census means that it has beenĭifficult to construct a time series linking trade and production data for the entire period from 1989 to present. First, the HS classifies products solely on physical characteristics while SIC and NAICS classify products based on physical characteristics and the type of economic activity. 1 This creates two potential difficulties when linking trade and In contrast, domestic economic activity has been classified using the North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS)-beginning with the 1997 economicĬensus-and the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC), prior to the 1997 economic census. In the U.S., international trade data have been classified since 1989 based on the World Customs Organization's Harmonized System (HS). Applied research in these fields hasīeen slowed, however, due to an inability to create long time series of industry-level international trade and production data or to match trade data to detailed product-level domestic data. More recently, demand for linked trade and production data has increased along with the massive growth of research using highly disaggregated plant and firm-level data, as in Bernard, Jensen and Schott and Bernard, Redding and Schott. This research agenda was first pursued with industry-level data as in Revenga and SachsĪnd Shatz. Empirical researchers in the fields of international trade and industrial organization are increasingly focused on examining the relationship between international trade and domestic economic activity.